Equipment

<h4>Model: EOS M290 (Fe- and Ni-alloys) </h4>
<p>The EOS M 290 is one of the most established metal additive manufacturing systems based on Powder Bed Fusion – Laser Beam (PBF-LB) technology. A high-power fiber laser selectively melts fine metal powder layer by layer, producing fully dense parts with excellent mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy.</p>
<p>The system is widely used in aerospace, automotive, medical, energy, tooling, and research sectors, making it a benchmark platform for both serial production and advanced materials development. Its reliability, process stability, and extensive database of qualified materials make it suitable for both industrial manufacturing and academic research. It features a 400 W single-mode ytterbium fiber laser and a 250 × 250 × 325 mm³ build volume, enabling fabrication of complex geometries with high material performance.</p>
<p>The system is equipped with in-situ monitoring capabilities, including Optical Tomography (OT) and Melt Pool Monitoring (MPM), which provides real-time insights into the build process stability, in-situ quality control and process optimization. These layer-wise insights provide valuable data for detecting hotspots, spatters and areas that could have potential defects. Additionally, the system features the ADDvance® O₂ precision gas monitoring system from Linde, enabling precise control of oxygen levels in the build chamber to ensure consistent material quality and reproducibility.  </p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Build volume: 250 x 250 x 325 mm (X, Y, Z) </li>
<li>Laser type: 400 W Yb-fiber laser </li>
<li>Layer thickness: up to 20 µm.  </li>
<li>Focus Diameter: 100 µm approx. </li>
<li>Scan speed: up to 7.0 m/s </li>
<li>Inert gas operation: Argon or Nitrogen </li>
<li>Materials supported: Steel and Nickel alloys </li>
<li>Optical system: F-theta lens with high-speed scanning mirrors </li>
</ul>

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<h4>Model: EOS M290 (Al- and Ti-alloys) </h4>
<p>The EOS M 290 is one of the most established metal additive manufacturing systems based on Powder Bed Fusion – Laser Beam (PBF-LB) technology. A high-power fiber laser selectively melts fine metal powder layer-by-layer, producing fully dense parts with excellent mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy.</p>
<p>The system is widely used in aerospace, automotive, medical, energy, tooling, and research sectors, making it a benchmark platform for both serial production and advanced materials development. Its reliability, process stability, and extensive database of qualified materials make it suitable for both industrial manufacturing and academic research. </p>
<p>The machine is equipped with Optical Tomography (OT), a near-infra red camera for layer-wise monitoring of the build process, providing valuable data for detecting hotspots, spatters, and areas that could have potential defects, supporting in-situ quality monitoring.</p>
<p>In addition, the system is enabled with Smart Fusion module, which is an exposure control technology that enables automatic laser power adjustment in real-time based on part geometry and thermal feedback from OT. This allows for a reduced need of support structures and reduced residual stresses—especially beneficial for thin-walled, complex structures requiring minimal supports. This system is well-suited for advanced R&amp;D and low- to medium-scale industrial manufacturing.   </p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Build volume: 250 x 250 x 325 mm (X, Y, Z) </li>
<li>Laser type: 400 W Yb-fiber laser </li>
<li>Layer thickness: up to 20 µm.  </li>
<li>Focus Diameter: 100 µm approx. </li>
<li>Scan speed: up to 7.0 m/s </li>
<li>Inert gas operation </li>
<li>Materials supported: Al- and Ti-alloys </li>
<li>OT monitoring  </li>
<li>Smart Fusion – online energy input adjustment.</li>
</ul>

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<h4><strong>Model</strong>: EOS M100</h4>
<p>The EOS M100 is a laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing system suitable for production of small, intricate metal components with high resolution utilising a 200 W Yb-fiber laser with a focus diameter of 40 µm. The system features a compact build volume of Ø100 x 80 mm, making it particularly suitable for small to medium-sized parts and test specimens, conducting feasibility studies, development of new alloys for research and educational purposes. This entry level powder bed AM system is ideal for PBF-LB processing when powder amount is limited (min. volume ~200 ml), or manufacturing of components requiring high resolution (enabled by small laser focus) or materials with high melting temperature as e.g. Mo-, W-alloys, etc. (enabled by high energy density). Machine is also ideal for beginners, offering fast material changeovers and cleaning procedure.</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Build Volume: Ø100 mm × 80 mm</li>
<li>Laser: 200 W Yb-fiber laser</li>
<li>Scan Speed: Up to 7.0 m/s</li>
<li>Focus diameter: 40 µm  </li>
</ul>

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<h4>Model: InssTek MX-Lab CL5 </h4>
<p>The InnsTek MX-Lab CL 5 is a laboratory-scale multi-material directed energy deposition (DED) system that utilizes 500 W continuous-wave fibre laser and a coaxial powder delivery system to deposit metal powder onto a substrate. A key feature of the system is the ability to simultaneously feed from up to six different hoppers during a build for multi-material or graded material deposition, making it ideal for fast-throughput material development.</p>
<p>The system features a 3-axis motion platform and supports processing of steels, titanium alloys, nickel-based alloys, and various other metal powders. To accommodate oxidation-sensitive materials, the MX-Lab CL 5 is equipped with an Ar purge system that enables printing in an inert atmosphere up to 50 ppm O2 content. This feature minimizes contamination and improves material quality.</p>
<p>The system is also equipped with a vision feedback system that enables real-time process control and maintains a stable melt pool throughout the build by adjusting the laser power on-line. This enables precise deposition of materials during printing improving repeatability, minimize defects and optimize layer bonding.</p>
<p>With its multi-material flexibility, inert atmosphere capability, and open architecture, the InnsTek MX-Lab CL5 is an ideal platform for research in alloy development, compositional tailoring and functionally graded material (FGM) studies.</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Laser power: Max. 500 W </li>
<li>X/Y/Z stroke: 150/150/150 mm  </li>
<li>Max. Traverse speed X/Y/Z: 200/200/200 mm/s  </li>
<li>Min. Traverse speed X/Y/Z: 6.7/6.7/6.7 mm/s  </li>
<li>Layer thickness: 150 µm   </li>
<li>Beam size: 400 µm </li>
<li>Powder feeding: Built-in CVM powder feeding system (Max. 4 hoppers)  </li>
<li>Atmosphere: Argon with O2 level ~50 ppm (optional) </li>
</ul>

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<h4>Model: Lithoz CeraFab Multi 2M30 </h4>
<p>The Lithoz CeraFab Multi 2M30 is an additive manufacturing system based on lithography-based manufacturing technology, designed specifically for high-precision, multi-material fabrication. It enables the layer-wise production of complex 3D geometries by selectively curing photocurable suspensions loaded with either ceramics or metal powder using a high-resolution projection system. After printing, parts undergo debinding and sintering, resulting in fully dense ceramic components.  </p>
<p>What sets the CeraFab Multi 2M30 apart is its dual-vat architecture, allowing the sequential processing of two different material suspensions within a single build job. The CeraFab Multi 2M30 can combine not only different ceramics, but also ceramics with metals. This capability enables the creation of multi-functional parts such as embedding conductive and insulating regions within the same component. It supports a wide range of materials, including zirconia, alumina, hydroxyapatite, and many more, covering applications in electronics, energy and medical sectors.</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Build Volume: 76 × 43 × 170 mm </li>
<li>Layer Thickness: 10–100 µm </li>
<li>Lateral Resolution: 35 µm (635 dpi) </li>
<li>Build Speed: Up to 100 layers per hour </li>
<li>Light Source: LED </li>
<li>Number of Vats: 2 </li>
<li>Feedstock Format: Liquid photopolymer resin with suspended ceramic, metal, or polymer particles </li>
<li>Supported Materials: Various ceramics (e.g., alumina, zirconia), metals, polymers </li>
</ul>

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<h4>Model: Incus Hammer Lab35 </h4>
<p>The Incus Hammer Lab35 is a high-precision metal additive manufacturing system based on lithography-based metal manufacturing (LMM) technology. It offers exceptional accuracy for complex geometries and delivers superior surface quality, achieving low roughness values. The system utilizes a static light projector to cure photopolymer resins admixed with metal powder layer-by-layer, followed by debinding and sintering processes to produce fully dense metal parts. </p>
<p>The Hammer Lab35 is well-suited for small-scale production of geometrically complex parts for rapid prototyping, small- to medium-scale manufacturing of high-resolution metal components,  as well as advanced research on new material and parameter development. It supports a wide range of materials and is applicable across various sectors, including medical, dental, aerospace, energy, and automotive industries to name some.</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Process: Vat photopolymerization with metal-filled resin </li>
<li>Build Volume: 89.6 × 56 × 120 mm  </li>
<li>XY Resolution: 35 µm </li>
<li>Z Resolution: up to 10 µm </li>
<li>Light Source: Projector (2560 × 1600 pixels) </li>
<li>Materials Supported: Stainless steel (17-4PH, 316L), titanium (Ti64), copper, silver, gold, cobalt-chrome, tungsten, and others </li>
<li>Feedstock Format: metal-filled photopolymer resin</li>
</ul>

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<h4>Model: Markforged Mark2&nbsp;</h4>
<p>The Markforged Mark Two is a desktop 3D printer that utilizes continuous fiber reinforcement (CFR) to produce strong and functional parts. It combines traditional fused filament fabrication (FFF) with the ability to lay down continuous fibers such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, or Kevlar, enabling the production of composite parts. This makes it especially suitable for functional prototypes, and end-use parts in demanding applications.&nbsp;</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications: &nbsp;</h4>
<ul>
<li>Build Volume: 320 x 132 x 154 mm&nbsp;</li>
<li>Layer Resolution: 100–200 microns&nbsp;</li>
<li>Materials Supported:&nbsp;</li>
<li>Base materials: Onyx, Nylon White&nbsp;</li>
<li>Continuous fibers: Carbon Fiber, Kevlar, Fiberglass. &nbsp;</li>
<li>Nozzle System: Dual extruder (one for base material, one for continuous fiber)&nbsp;</li>
<li>Layer Resolution: 100–200 µm&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

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<h4>Model: Inert gas fusion, Bruker G8 Galileo ONH-TDA </h4>
<p>The Bruker G8 GALILEO ONH-TDA is an elemental analyzer for determination of oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and hydrogen (H) in inorganic materials, utilizing the inert gas fusion (IGF) technique. This method involves melting the sample inside a graphite crucible under a controlled inert gas atmosphere, at temperatures ~2500 °C. The evolved gases are then quantified using infrared and thermal conductivity detector (TCD) detector providing direct measurements in ~3 minutes.</p>
<p>For additive manufacturing (AM) applications, the G8 GALILEO is particularly suited for analyzing O,N and H concentrations in metal powders (e.g. titanium, aluminum, nickel and steel alloys), and printed parts. The system is also equipped with the TDA (Thermal Desorption Analysis) module. The integrated TDA module extends the system’s capabilities to advanced hydrogen characterization. In this mode, samples are heated in a controlled environment and the released hydrogen is measured over time, enabling determination of diffusible and trapped hydrogen in materials. This makes it particularly valuable for studying hydrogen embrittlement, material degradation, and residual hydrogen.   </p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Elements Analyzed: Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Hydrogen (H) </li>
<li>Measurement Ranges: Oxygen: 0.1 ppm – 0.5%, Nitrogen: 0.1 ppm – 0.5%, Hydrogen: 0.01 ppm – 1000 ppm </li>
<li>Resolution: 0.01 ppm </li>
<li>Precision/Reproducibility: ±0.05 ppm or ±1% relative standard deviation (RSD), depending on sample mass and concentration. </li>
<li>Sample dimension: Electrode Furnace: 8 x 8 mm cross section </li>
<li>Carrier gas: He, N<sub>2 </sub> </li>
</ul>

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<h4>Model: Bruker G4 Icarus CS </h4>
<p>The Bruker G4 Icarus is a high-precision combustion analyzer designed for simultaneous determination of carbon and sulfur contents in metals, ceramics, and other inorganic materials. The system uses a high-frequency induction furnace capable of reaching temperatures higher than 2000 °C. The high temperature enables complete combustion of the sample in an oxygen atmosphere and the released gases are analyzed by a high-sensitive infrared detector. This technique covers measurements from trace levels to high elemental concentrations.</p>
<p>This system is particularly suitable for metallic materials and additive manufacturing (AM) research, offering quantification of total carbon and sulfur contents in feedstock powders (e.g., steels, nickel alloys, titanium, etc.) and printed samples.   </p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Elements Analyzed: Carbon and Sulfur  </li>
<li>Detection Range: <br>
<ul>
<li>Carbon: 0.1 ppm to several percent </li>
<li>Sulfur: 0.1 ppm to several percent </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sample Forms: Powder, chips, and solids (typically 0.5–1 g) </li>
<li>Combustion Furnace: High-frequency induction, &gt;2000 °C </li>
<li>Typical Analysis Time: ~1 min </li>
<li>Carrier Gas: High-purity oxygen, 5.0 purity </li>
</ul>

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<h4><strong>Model</strong>: PHI 700 AES</h4>
<p>The PHI 700 is an auger electron spectroscopy (AES) system for surface analysis at high spatial resolution. AES is a surface-sensitive technique that measures the elemental composition up to 6 nm of a material’s surface using an electron beam excitation. The PHI 700 combines a finely focused scanning electron beam with a cylindrical mirror analyzer to deliver elemental mapping and line scans with nanometer-scale resolution. It provides both qualitative and quantitative chemical information, including elemental distributions, surface segregation, and contamination analysis. In the context of additive manufacturing (AM), this technique is valuable for detecting contaminations, segregations on powder and part surfaces and coatings.</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Secondary Electron Imaging (SEI) Resolution: Up to 6 nm</li>
<li>Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) Resolution: Approximately 8 nm </li>
<li>Analysis Depth: 5–50 Å (angstroms) </li>
<li>Detection Limits: 0.1 to 0.01 atomic % </li>
<li>Sample Requirements: Solid and vacuum-compatible; insulating samples may require conductive coating </li>
</ul>

<h4>Model: PHI VersaProbe 3 </h4>
<p>The PHI VersaProbe III is a high-performance X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) system used for material characterisation technique that provides elemental and chemical information for solid sample with the analysing depth in few atomic layers. Wide range of materials like metals, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers and composite materials, regardless of electrical conductivity, can be analysed. A brief outline about an XPS process include X-ray irradiation, photoelectron excitement and kinetic energy detection of the emitted electron. Characteristic energies of the excited photoelectrons from different electron shells of elements are located at different energy positions as peaks along the XPS spectrum, with which the chemical composition and the chemical state of the individual element can be determined. The precision of an analysing area is in micron, depends on the size of the adjustable focused X-ray beam.</p>
<p>The instrument supports a wide range of applications, including materials science, catalysis, energy storage, thin films, nanotechnology, semiconductors, corrosion studies, biomaterials, and coatings. With its high sensitivity and versatile analytical modes, it is suitable for both industrial problem solving and advanced academic research. In the context of additive manufacturing (AM), VersaProbe III is a powerful tool for investigating powder surfaces- surface oxidation, contaminants and surface chemistry that have potential impact on laser-powder interaction and powder flow; built part, powder reusability and lifecycle studies, and interfaces and coatings.</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Ion sputter depth profiling for layer-by-layer chemical information. </li>
<li>XPS imaging and chemical mapping </li>
<li>X-ray Source: Monochromatic Al Kα </li>
<li>X-ray beam induced secondary electron imaging (SXI) </li>
<li>Dual beam charge neutralization </li>
<li>Analysis Depth: ~5–10 nm </li>
<li>Energy Resolution: &lt; 0.5 eV </li>
<li>Vacuum chamber </li>
</ul>

<h4>Model: Revolution Powder Analyzer, Mercury Scientific &nbsp;</h4>
<p>In additive manufacturing (AM) research, particle size and morphology are critical for effective powder bed packing and uniform layer deposition in powder bed AM processes. The revolution powder analyzer (RPA), developed by Mercury Scientific Inc is used for characterizing the flowability characteristics of powder. The system consists of a rotating drum, an integrated high-speed camera and analysis software that provide real-time visual and numerical evaluation of the powder behavior.&nbsp;</p>
<p>The use of this instrument is straightforward, a pre-defined volume of powder is loaded into the sample drum and the drum is rotated by rollers at a pre-set or varying RPM (0.1 to 200 RPM). When the drum rotates, the camera captures images the powder (up to 500 frames per second) and the software measures the behaviour of the powder from the captured frames and how this behaviour changes over time. The software then evaluates several parameters like avalanche angle, break energy etc., automatically, representing the powder's quality. The analyzer supports testing of various metal powders used in powder-based AM processes.</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications: &nbsp;</h4>
<ul>
<li>Measurement capability: Flowability, Multiflow, caking fluidization, granulation and packing behaviour. &nbsp;</li>
<li>Drum size available: 50 mm and 100 mm diameter&nbsp;</li>
<li>Drum rotational speed: 0.1 to 200 RPM&nbsp;</li>
<li>Camera: High-speed digital, up to 500 frames/sec&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

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<h4>Model: Dynamic image analysis system, Microtrac CAMSIZER X2&nbsp;</h4>
<p>The Microtrac CAMSIZER X2 is a dynamic image analysis system for characterization of particle size and morphology of spherical and irregular shaped powders and fibers. The system uses dual-camera technology which enables capturing millions of powder particles across broad size range, delivering statistically reliable results. Its automated image analysis capabilities enable detailed insights into particle morphology, including sphericity, convexity, aspect ratio, etc., enabling quantification of spherical, satellites and agglomerated particles in the powder, which are critical for powder behavior in various applications. In additive manufacturing (AM), powder characteristics such as particle size distribution, sphericity, etc., strongly influence flowability, spreadability, packing density, and thereby final part quality. In AM, this setup is a powerful tool to monitor powder quality, compare feedstock batches, understanding powder recyclability and optimize recycling strategies. &nbsp;</p>
<p>Reliable powder analysis requires that only a small, yet representative portion of the feedstock is characterized. Therefore, it is essential to have a preparation step before particle size and morphology analysis. The Retsch PT100 is a precision sample divider used to obtain representative powder subsamples from larger batches. It employs a rotating dividing head with conical openings to ensure that the sample is split according to the principles of probability. This guarantees unbiased, reproducible results and avoids segregation effects common with manual splitting.&nbsp;</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications: &nbsp;</h4>
<ul>
<li>Measurement Principle: Dynamic image analysis (ISO 13322-2 compliant)&nbsp;</li>
<li>Size Range: 0.8 µm – 1.5 mm &nbsp;</li>
<li>Dispersion Modes: Dry mode – compressed air&nbsp;</li>
<li>Sample feed: Vibratory sample feeder. &nbsp;</li>
<li>Camera: Two CMOS camera, Dual-camera technology (basic + zoom) with frame rates up to 300 frames per second &nbsp;</li>
<li>Sample Throughput: Millions of particles measured per run for high statistical reliability&nbsp;</li>
<li>More detailed specifications: <a href="https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/dynamic-image-analysis/camsizer-x2/" title="Particle Size &amp; Particle Shape Analyzer: CAMSIZER X2">Particle Size &amp; Particle Shape Analyzer: CAMSIZER X2&nbsp;</a></li>
</ul>

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Dynamic image analysis system, Microtrac CAMSIZER X2 

<h4>Model: Laser diffraction system, Microtrac SYNC &nbsp;</h4>
<p>The Microtrac SYNC is a laser diffraction system for particle size distribution analysis of spherical and irregular shaped powders. The instrument is configured with 2 red and 1 blue laser that provides rapid and reproducible measurements across a broad size range from 10 nm to 2 mm, making it highly suitable for evaluating feedstock materials in additive manufacturing (AM) and other applications.&nbsp;</p>
<p>In additive manufacturing, particle size distribution strongly influences powder flowability, layer deposition quality, packing density, sintering and melting behavior. The SYNC allows characterization of powder feedstock for feedstock quality monitoring. It supports dispersion of powders by both dry and wet conditions. The system is ideal for quality assurance, research, and process development. &nbsp;</p>
<p>Reliable powder analysis requires that only a small, yet representative portion of the feedstock is characterized. Therefore it is essential to have a preparation step before particle size and morphology analysis. The Retsch PT 100 is a precision sample divider used to obtain representative powder subsamples from larger batches. It employs a rotating dividing head with conical openings to ensure that the sample is split according to the principles of probability. This guarantees unbiased, reproducible results and avoids segregation effects common with manual splitting.&nbsp;</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications: &nbsp;</h4>
<ul>
<li>Measurement Principle: Laser diffraction (ISO 13320 compliant)&nbsp;</li>
<li>Laser Configuration: 2 × Red lasers for coarse and mid-size particle detection 1 × Blue laser for enhanced resolution of fine particles&nbsp;</li>
<li>Size Range: ~0.01 µm – 2mm (depending on dispersion unit)&nbsp;</li>
<li>Dispersion Options: Dry and wet dispersion &nbsp;</li>
<li>More details specification: <a href="https://www.microtrac.com/products/particle-size-shape-analysis/laser-diffraction/sync/" title="Laser Diffraction &amp; DIA Analyzer: SYNC :: Microtrac.com">Laser Diffraction &amp; DIA Analyzer: SYNC&nbsp;Microtrac.com</a></li>
</ul>

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Laser diffraction system, Microtrac SYNC  

<h4>Model: Shimadzu UV-Vis 2600i</h4>
<p>The Shimadzu UV-2600i is a high-resolution UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer designed for precision optical characterization across a wide spectral range. When paired with the ISR-2600Plus integrating sphere attachment, the system's spectral range is extended from 220 nm to 1400 nm, enabling measurements well into the UV and infrared region. </p>
<p>For additive manufacturing (AM) research, the UV-2600i with integrating sphere is particularly well-suited for analyzing the reflectance of metal powder of different morphologies across broad size ranges.  The ISR-2600Plus integrates dual detectors, a photomultiplier tube (PMT) for UV–visible range detection and an InGaAs detector for NIR measurements; providing spectral response across the full range. This setup is a powerful tool for AM researchers aiming to investigate absorption behavior of virgin and reused powders, assess surface modification treatments, monitor oxide layer formation, and evaluate laser–powder interactions that are relevant for parameter development and feedstock surface quality monitoring in laser-based AM processes. </p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:  </h4>
<ul>
<li>Wavelength Range: 220–1400 nm (with ISR-2600Plus) </li>
<li>Detectors: Photomultiplier tube (PMT) and InGaAs (with ISR-2600Plus) </li>
<li>Integrating Sphere Diameter: 60 mm </li>
<li>Wavelength accuracy: ± 0.1 nm </li>
<li>Wavelength repeatability: ± 0.05 nm </li>
<li>Sample type: Spherical and irregular shaped metal powders  </li>
<li>More technical information can be found here: <a href="https://www.shimadzu.com/an/products/uv-vis/uv-vis-nir-spectroscopy/uv-2600i2700i-plus/index.html" title="UV-2600i Plus/UV-2700i Plus: SHIMADZU (Shimadzu Corporation)">UV-2600i Plus/UV-2700i Plus: SHIMADZU (Shimadzu Corporation)  </a></li>
</ul>

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<h4>Model: Netzsch STA 449 F1 Jupiter&nbsp;</h4>
<p>Simultaneous Thermal Analysis generally refers to the simultaneous application of Thermogravimetry (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) or Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to a sample within a single instrument. The advantages are obvious: the test conditions are perfectly identical for the TGA and DTA/DSC signals (same atmosphere, gas flow rate, vapor pressure on the sample, heating rate, thermal contact to the sample crucible and sensor, radiation effect, etc.). Furthermore, sample throughput is improved as more information can be gathered from each test run.</p>
<h4>DSC Possibilities&nbsp;</h4>
<ul>
<li>Melting/crystallization behavior&nbsp;</li>
<li>Solid-solid transitions&nbsp;</li>
<li>Polymorphism&nbsp;</li>
<li>Degree of crystallinity&nbsp;</li>
<li>Glass transitions&nbsp;</li>
<li>Cross-linking reactions&nbsp;</li>
<li>Oxidative stability&nbsp;</li>
<li>Purity determination&nbsp;</li>
<li>Specific heat capacity&nbsp;</li>
<li>Kinetics&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h4>TGA Possibilities&nbsp;</h4>
<ul>
<li>Mass changes&nbsp;</li>
<li>Temperature stability&nbsp;</li>
<li>Oxidation/reduction behavior&nbsp;</li>
<li>Decomposition&nbsp;</li>
<li>Corrosion studies&nbsp;</li>
<li>Compositional analysis&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<h4>Instrument specifications: &nbsp;</h4>
<ul>
<li>Design: Top-loading</li>
<li>Temperature range: -150°C to 1500°C</li>
<li>Furnace: Silicon carbide from RT to 1500 °C</li>
<li>Furnace: Steel from -150 °C to 1000°C</li>
<li>Heating rate: ▪ 0.001 to 50 K/min&nbsp;</li>
<li>Sensors: TGA, TGA-DTA, TGA-DSC</li>
<li>Vacuum-tight: 10⁻⁴ mbar</li>
<li>Evacuation system: Pump systems for two furnaces</li>
<li>Atmospheres: Inert (N<sub>2</sub>, Ar, He), oxidizing, reducing (H<sub>2</sub>, Ar/H<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2 </sub>mixes), vacuum (10-<sup>2</sup> to 10-<sup>5</sup> mbar)</li>
<li>Oxygen trap system (OTS®): Optional</li>
<li>Gas flow control: for 2 purge gases and 1 protective gas</li>
<li>Temperature resolution: 0.001 K</li>
<li>Balance resolution: 0.025 µg</li>
<li>Balance drift: &lt; 2 µg/hour</li>
<li>Maximum sample load: 5000 mg (corresponds to weighing range)</li>
<li>Sample volume (max.): ▪ TGA: up to 5 ml▪ DSC: 0.19 ml▪ DTA: 0.9 ml</li>
<li>DSC enthalpy accuracy: ± 2% (for most materials)</li>
</ul>

Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer – STA 449 F1 Jupiter

<h4>Model: DIL, Netzsch 402 С</h4>
<p>Thermal expansion can be accurately measured with the Netzsch DIL 402 C. The system can also be used to examine phase transitions, solid-state reactions and chemical reactions such as oxidation. Accurate measurement of dimensional changes is required in the traditional ceramics and glass industries and for carrying out sintering studies on powder used in the fields of advanced ceramics, powder metallurgy or sinter-based additive manufacturing (binder jetting, lithography-based additive manufacturing, etc.). There are many application areas for dilatometry on solids, powders, pastes and liquids in research and development and production environments:&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li>Determination of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)&nbsp;</li>
<li>Sintering temperature and shrinkage steps&nbsp;</li>
<li>Volumetric expansion&nbsp;</li>
<li>Density change&nbsp;</li>
<li>Determination of glass transition temperatures&nbsp;</li>
<li>Softening points&nbsp;</li>
<li>Phase transitions&nbsp;</li>
<li>Influence of additives and raw materials&nbsp;</li>
<li>Optimizing of firing processes&nbsp;</li>
<li>Kinetic studies&nbsp;</li>
<li>Rate-controlled sintering (RCS)&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
<p>All these areas have specific requirements and the Netzsch DIL 402 C with its excellent balance of features has been optimized to fulfill them all. These include flexibility of temperature range, sample holder and gas atmosphere combined with high accuracy and easy handling.</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:</h4>
<ul>
<li>Temperature range: - RT to 1600°C</li>
<li>Heating and cooling rates: 0.01 K/min to 50 K/min&nbsp;</li>
<li>Sample holder materials: Al₂O₃ &lt; 1700°C&nbsp;</li>
<li>Measuring ranges: 500 µm / 5000 µm&nbsp;</li>
<li>Sample length (max): 50 mm</li>
<li>Sample diameter: 5 to 20 mm</li>
<li>ΔL Resolution: 0.125 nm / 1.25 nm</li>
<li>Atmospheres: Inert (N2, Ar, He), oxidizing, reducing (H2, Ar/H2 and N2/H2 mixes), vacuum (regulated, from 10-1 to 10-5 mbar)&nbsp;</li>
<li>Gas system: Gas flow meter</li>
<li>Vacuum tightness: Up to 10⁻5 mbar (10² Pa)&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Netzsch DIL 402 С

<h4>Model: MUT CAF 140/140-2000 W (Tungsten) from MUT ADVANCED HEATING GmbH&nbsp;</h4>
<p>Debinding and sintering are the most important processing stages when it comes to the sinter-based technologies in order to assure necessary material microstructure and properties. Even though resolution and reproducibility of the printing stage strongly determine process robustness and components geometry, significant shrinkage during sintering (around 20%) lead to significant challenges when it comes to the final part properties and tolerances. Residue from debinding process can lead to material contamination and poor material properties. Efficient sintering requires high vacuum or reducing atmospheres as e.g. hydrogen and elevated temperatures, up to 95% of the melting temperature of the main constituent. Hence, tailored and controlled debinding and sintering in a variety of processing atmospheres (inert and reducing gases, including pure hydrogen and its mixtures) as well as controlled vacuum, is required for the robust debinding and sintering process for sinter-based additive manufacturing of metals, ceramics and multi-materials. &nbsp;</p>
<p>MUT CAF 140/140-2000 W sintering furnace allows sintering or heat treatment in inert (argon, nitrogen) or reducing (pure hydrogen or mixes) gases as well as high vacuum and allows reaching temperatures up to 2000°C, covering the range of sintering temperatures for most of the metals (including refractory metals) and ceramics. Thanks to the tight control of the temperature, heating and cooling rate, furnace is able to perform controlled heat treatment for metallic materials (e.g. steels, Ni-base superalloys, etc.). &nbsp;</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications:</h4>
<ul>
<li>Inside dimensions (Ø x H): 140 x 140 mm</li>
<li>Max. furnace temperature: 2.000 °C</li>
<li>Heating rate:
<ul>
<li>up to 15 K/min up to 1.200 °C under argon</li>
<li>up to 10 K/min up to 1.700 °C under argon&nbsp;</li>
<li>up to 7 K/min up to 2.000 °C under argon</li>
<li>up to 10 K/min up to 1.200 °C under hydrogen</li>
<li>up to 7 K/min up to 1.700 °C under hydrogen&nbsp;</li>
<li>up to 5 K/min up to 2.000 °C under hydrogen</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Cooling rate (cooling down from 1.200°C):
<ul>
<li>up to 200 K/min down to 1.000 °C under hydrogen&nbsp;</li>
<li>up to 100 K/min down to 800 °C under hydrogen 7</li>
<li>up to 70 K/min down to 600 °C under hydrogen&nbsp;</li>
<li>up to 25 K/min down to 400 °C under hydrogen</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Charge load: 10 kg</li>
<li>Vacuum:
<ul>
<li>up to 5 · 10-1 mbar</li>
<li>up to 1 · 10-5 mbar (with High Vacuum Pump Unit)&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<h4>Model: Mitsubishi MV2400S&nbsp;</h4>
<p>The Mitsubishi MV2400S is a high-precision wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) system engineered for the machining of complex geometries in electrically conductive materials. It operates using a continuously fed wire electrode submerged in a fluid, which removes material via rapid electrical discharges. This mechanism allows for burr-free, stress-free machining, making it ideal for intricate internal contours, tight tolerances, and delicate features.</p>
<p>The MV2400S is optimized for cutting work pieces of different thicknesses through adaptive power modulation and high-frequency pulse generators. The system is suitable to process wide range of materials and has provision to mount EOS M290 and EOSM100 build plates for efficient removal of finished components from the base plate.</p>
<h4>Instrument specifications: &nbsp;</h4>
<ul>
<li>Travel (X/Y/Z): 600 × 400 × 310 mm&nbsp;</li>
<li>Travel (U/V): 150/150 mm &nbsp;</li>
<li>Wire Diameter Range: 0.1–0.3 mm&nbsp;</li>
<li>Automatic Wire Threading&nbsp;</li>
<li>Max. Workpiece Dimensions (W × D × H): 1050 × 820 × 305 mm&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

DSC07874

<h2>How to book the equipment</h2>
<p>To get access to the equipment at AM@Chalmers, please contact our research engineers.</p>

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Additive Manufacturing at Chalmers

Equipment

Additive Manufacturing Systems

EOS M290 (Fe- and Ni-alloys)

EOS M290 (Al- and Ti-alloys)

EOS M100

InssTek MX-Lab CL5

Lithoz CeraFab Multi 2M30

Incus Hammer Lab35

Material Extrusion of Composites – Markforged Mark2

Powder & Material Characterization

Elemental Analysis

Bruker G8 Galileo ONH-TDA – Oxygen, Nitrogen and Hydrogen

Bruker G4 Icarus CS – Carbon and Sulphur

Surface Analysis

Auger Spectroscopy – PHI 700 AES

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy – PHI VersaProbe 3

Powder Characterization

Powder Flow and Rheology Analyzer

Particle size and shape analysis – dynamic image analysis

Particle Size Analyzer – Laser Diffraction System

Powder Absorptivity Measurement System

Thermal Analysis

Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis (TG/TDA/DSC)

High Temperature Dilatometry (DIL)

Sintering and Post-AM Processing

High-temperature vacuum/hydrogen sintering furnace

Wire electro discharge machining for AM (wire-EDM)

How to book the equipment