Christian Azar
Christian Azar
Fysisk resursteori
christian dot azar at chalmers dot se
+46 31 772 31 32

 

Professor of Energy and the Environment

Christian Azar’s background is in physics and he is currently a professor of energy and environment at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. His research focuses on climate change mitigation strategies (including energy systems modeling, technology assessment and policy analysis). He is on the editorial board of several international scientific journals, has published more than one hundred scientific papers and reports on energy, climate and the environment, and has been a lead author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

He has offered hundreds of lectures to policy makers, business leaders, parliaments, government committees, environmental organizations and the general public on energy, sustainability and climate change. He was a member of the former Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson’s commission against oil dependency (2005-2006), the Swedish Government’s scientific council on climate change (2007) and he has been an advisor to Margot Wallström in her capacity as EU Commissioner for the Environment. He was a member of Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt’s Sustainability Commission (2007-2009). In 2009 he was listed as the most influential person when it comes to environmental issues in Sweden by the magazine “Miljöaktuellt”. 

 

Research topics:

  • Targets for Climate Change
  • Energy Technology Assessment (in particular biomass and nuclear energy)
  • Systems Analysis and Energy modelling
  • Cost of CO2 mitigation
  • Evaluations of the Costs of CO2 emissions
  • Policies to Reduce CO2 emissions
  • Non-CO2 GHG Emissions and Deforestation

 
Photos:
Azar_1.jpg 448.35 kb
Azar_3.jpg 469.94 kb

List of publications
 

A. Books
Azar, C., 2008. Makten över klimatet. Albert Bonniers Förlag. 212 pages (in Swedish). (se www.maktenoverklimatet.se)
 
B. Peer reviewed papers in scientific journals and peer reviewed books chapters

Published or in press

 

63. Azar, C., & Johansson, D., 2011. Valuing the non-CO2 climate impact of aviation. Climatic Change,
available online
 
62. Azar, C., & Sandén, B., 2011. The elusive quest for technology neutral policies. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 1, 135-139.
 
61. Azar, C., 2011. Biomass for energy: a dream come true…or a nightmare? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2: 309–323.
 
60. Wirsenius, S., Azar, C., Berndes, G., 2010. How much land is needed for global food production under scenarios of dietary changes and livestock productivity increases in 2030? Agricultural Systems 103, 621-638.
 
59. Azar, C., 2010. A brief historic account of the discovery of the greenhouse effect. Journal of the SouthWest University for Nationality, Issue 6, Page 213-218. Chengdu, China. Also reproduced by Xin Hua Digest (www.xinhuawz.com)(新华文摘) in its September edition (2010's 18th edition).
 
58. Hedenus, F., Karlsson, S., Azar, C., Sprei, F. 2010. Hybrids, plug-in hybrids or fuel cells? System interaction between the stationary sector and the transport sector. International journal of Hydrogen Energy 35, 4638-4651.
 
57. Azar, C, Lindgren, K, Obersteiner, M, Riahi, K, van Vuuren, D, den Elzen, M.G.J, Möllersten, K, Larson, E.D., 2010. On the Attainability of Low CO2 Concentration Targets, Climatic Change 100:195-202.
 
56. Azar, C., 2010. Cost-efficiency and political feasibility. Chapter 18 in Climate Change – Science and policy (Eds) Stephen H. Schneider, Rosencranz, A., Mastrandrea, M.D., and Kuntz-Duriseti, K., Island Press, Washington.  
 
55. Azar, C., 2010. The cost of reducing CO2 emissions. Chapter 20 in Climate Change – Science and policy (Eds) Stephen H. Schneider, Rosencranz, A., Mastrandrea, M.D., and Kuntz-Duriseti, K., Island Press, Washington.  
 
54. Hedenus, F., Azar, C., Johansson, D.J.A., 2010. Energy security policies in EU-25 - the expected cost of oil supply disruptions. Energy Policy 38, 1241-1250. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.030 
 
53. Persson, U.M., and Azar, C., 2010. Preserving the World’s Tropical Forests: A Price on Carbon May Not Do. Environmental Science & Technology 44, 210-215- http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es902629x.
 
52. Grahn, Maria; Azar, Christian; Williander, Mats; Anderson, James; Mueller, Sherry; Wallington, Timothy. 2009. "Fuel and Vehicle Technology Choices for Passenger Vehicles in Achieving Stringent CO2 Targets: Connections between Transportation and Environmental Science & Technology 43 (9), pp 3365–3371. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es802651r
 
51. Johansson, D.J.A., Azar, C., Lindgren, K & Persson, T., 2009, OPEC strategies and oil rent in a climate conscious world, The Energy Journal 30, 47-73.
 
50. Hedenus, F. & Azar, C. 2009. Bioenergy plantations or long-term carbon sinks? - A model based analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 33, 1693 – 1702.
 
49. Grahn, M., Azar, C., Lindgren, K. 2009. The role of biofuels for transportation in CO2 emission reduction scenarios with global versus regional carbon caps. Biomass and Bioenergy 33, 360-371. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.08.019 
 
48. Johansson, D., Persson, MU., Azar, C., 2008. Uncertainty and learning – implications for the trade off between short-lived and long-lived greenhouse gases, Climatic Change 88, 293-308. http://www.springerlink.com/content/k2052k4611313k26/
 
47. Amatayakul, W & Azar, C., 2008. Determinants and land-use patterns of commercial cultivation of a fuel crop in Thailand. Energy for sustainable development Vol XII, 22-32.
 
46. Persson, T.A., Azar, C., Johansson, D., Lindgren, K., 2007. Major oil exporters may profit rather than lose, in a carbon-constrained world. Energy Policy 35 (12), pp 6346-6353, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2W-4PP7RC9-/2/1be61e65ee5f4f2d4a19ae21c3db6f80
 
45. Grahn, M., Azar, C., Lindgren, K., Berndes, G., and Gielen, D., 2007. Biomass for
heat or as transportation fuel? –a comparison between two model based studies. Biomass and Bioenergy 31, 747–758.
 
44. Persson, T.A., Claeson Colpier, U. Azar. C. 2007. Adoption of carbon dioxide efficient technologies and practices: An analysis of sector specific convergence trends among twelve nations. Energy Policy 35(5), 2869-2878.
 
43. Johansson, D., Azar, C., 2007. Analysis of land competition between food and bioenergy production, Climatic Change 82, 267-291. http://cires.colorado.edu/science/groups/pielke/classes/atoc7500/Johannson_Azar2007.pdf
 
42. Persson, UM., and Azar, C., 2006. Tropical deforestation in a future international climate regime – lessons from the Brazilian Amazon, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change http://www.springerlink.com/content/q4t547862p78461x/, Vol 12 (7), 1573-1596.
 
41. Azar, C., G Berndes, J Hansson and M Grahn, 2006. On brazilian ethanol and the Ecological footprint” BioScience January 2006, Vol. 55, No. 1. (A response to A response to “Ethanol as Fuel: Energy, Carbon Dioxide Balances, and Ecological Footprint” by Dias de Oliveira et al., BioScience, July 2005/Vol. 55 No.7.) http://www.bioone.org/archive/0006-3568/56/1/pdf/i0006-3568-56-1-5.pdf
 
40. Johansson, D., Persson, UM., Azar, C., 2006. The cost of using global warming potentials - Analysing the trade off between CO2, CH4 and N2O, Climatic Change 77 (3-4): 291-309. http://www.springerlink.com/content/vp57348r276133j0/
 
39. Hedenus, F. Azar, C. Lindgren, K., 2006. Induced technological change in a limited foresight optimization model. The Energy Journal 27, 109-122.      http://www.pik-otsdam.de/~lessman/ej_special_issue/imcp_ej_hedenus.pdf
 
38. Persson, T., Azar, C., Lindgren, K., 2006. Allocation of CO2 emission permits – economic incentives for emission reductions in developing countries, Energy Policy 34, 1889-1899.
 
37. Azar, C., Lindgren, K., Larson, E, Möllersten, K 2006. Carbon capture and storage from fossil fuels and biomass – Costs and potential role in stabilizing the atmosphere. Climatic Change 74, 47-79. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w30h4274h130580u/ or http://www.environmental-expert.com/Files%5C6063%5Carticles%5C6220%5Cw30h4274h130580u.pdf
 
36. Hedenus, F & Azar, C., 2005. Trends in global income and resource inequality. Ecological Economics 55, 351-364.
 
35. Azar. C., 2005. Post-Kyoto Climate policy targets –Costs and competitiveness implications, Climate Policy 5, 309-328. http://ethree.com/downloads/Climate%20Change%20Readings/International%20Climate%20Policy/Azar%20-%20Post-Kyoto%20costs%20%2B%20competiveness.pdf
 
34. Grubb, M., Azar, C., & Persson, UM., 2005. Allowance allocation in the European Emissions Trading System: a commentary. Climate Policy 5(1), 127-136.
 
33. Azar, C., Persson, M., 2005. Commentary on carbon sinks and second commitment period issues, Nature 433, 13.
 
32. Sandén, B & Azar, C, 2005. Near term technology policies for long term climate targets. Energy Policy 33, 1557-1576.
 
31. Azar, C, 2005. Emerging scarcities – Bioenergy-food competition in a carbon constrained world , (Eds) Simpson, D., Toman, M., and Ayres, R.,. Scarcity and growth revisited. Natural Resources and the Environment in the New Millennium. Resources for the future Inc. John Hopkins University Press, pp 98-120.
 
30. Amatayakul, W., &  Azar C., 2003. Eucalyptus for fossil fuel substitution and carbon sequestration: the costs of carbon dioxide abatement in Thailand. International Journal of sustainable development 6(3), 359-377.
 
29. K.Hasselmann, M.Latif,G.Hooss, C.Azar, O.Edenhofer, C.C.Jaeger, O.M. Johannessen, C.Kemfert, M.Welp, A.Wokaun, 2003. The challenge of long term climate change. Science 302, 1923-1925.
 
28. Persson, T., Azar, C., 2003. The cost of meeting the Kyoto protocol: dealing with the carbon surplus in Russia and the Ukraine. Management of Environmental Quality vol 14, no 4, 488-507.
 
27. Azar, C., & Schneider, SH. 2003. Are the economic costs of non-stabilization the atmosphere prohibitive? A response to Gerlagh and Papyrakis. Ecological Economics 46 (3): 329-332
 
26. Azar, C & Lindgren, K., 2003. Catastrophic events and stochastic cost-benefit analysis of climate change. Climatic Change 56 (3): 245-255
 
25. Azar, C, Lindgren, K., Andersson, B., 2003. Global energy scenarios meeting stringent CO2 constraints - cost effective fuel choices in the transportation sector. Energy Policy 31 (10): 961-976 
 
24. Azar, C. & Schneider, SH, 2002. Are the economic costs of stabilizing the atmosphere prohibitive? Ecological Economics 42, 73-80.
 
23. Schneider SH & Azar, C, 2001. Are uncertainties in climate and energy systems a justification for stronger near term mitigation policies? Paper prepared for a Pew Center meeting on timing of climate policies, Washington October 11-12, 2001. Available at https://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/timing_azar_schneider.pdf
 
22. Berndes, G., Azar, C., Kåberger, T., & Abrahamson, D., 2001. The feasibility of Large-scale Wood-based Biofuel Production — a Reassessment of Giampietro et al.Biomass and Bioenergy 20, 371-383.
 
21. Obersteiner, M., Azar, C., Kauppi,P., Möllersten, K. Moreira, J. Nilsson, S. Read, P., Riahi, K., Schlamadinger, B., Yamagata, Y., Yan, J., van Ypersele, J-P., Managing Climate Risks. Science 294(5543), pp. 786-787.
 
20. Bernhard Schlamadinger, B, Grubb, M., Azar, C., Bauen, A and Berndes, G., 2001. Carbon sinks and the CDM: could a bioenergy linkage offer a constructive compromise? Climate Policy 1(3), 411-417.
 
19. Schlamadinger, B., Obersteiner, M., Michaelowa, A., Grubb, M., Azar, C., Yamagata, Y., Goldberg, D., Read, P., Kirschbaum, M.U.F., Fearnside, P., Sugiyama, T., Rametsteiner, E., Böswald, K., 2001. Capping the costs of compliance with the Kyoto Protocol and recycling revenues into Land-use projects. Thescientificworld 1, 271-280. (http://www.thescientificworld.com/)
 
18. Azar, C & Lindgren, K., 2001. Low carbon dioxide emissions and no nuclear power - towards a renewable energy system in Sweden and the world, pp 445- 474, in Silveira, S. (Ed.) , Building Sustainable Energy Systems - Swedish Experiences. Svensk byggtjänst and Swedish National Energy Administration, Stockholm.
 
17. Schneider, S., Sarukhan, J., Adejuwan, J., Azar, C., Baetghen, W., Hope, C., Moss., R., Richels., R., van Ypersele, JP., 2001. Overview of impacts, adaptation and vulnerability to climate change. pp 75-103 (Chapter 1), in McCarthey, J.J et al (Eds.), Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
 
16. Schneider, S.H., Kunz-Duriseti, K., and Azar, C., 2000. Costing Nonlinearities, Surprises and Irreversible Events, Pacific and Asian Journal of Energy 10(1), 81-106.
 
15. Azar., C. 2000. Economics and distribution in the greenhouse, Climatic Change 47, 233-238.
 
14. Azar, C., & Larson E., 2000. Bioenergy and land-use competition in the Northeast of Brazil. A case study in the the Northeast of Brazil. Energy for sustainable developmentIV (3), 64-72.
 
13. Azar, C., and Dowlatabadi, H., 1999. A Review of Technical Change in Assessments of Climate Change Policy. Annual review of energy and the environment 24:513-544.
 
12. Azar, C., 1999. Weight Factors in Cost-benefit Analysis of Climate Change. Environmental and Resource Economics 13, 249-268.
 
11. Azar, C., 1998. The timing of CO2-emissions Reduction — the Debate Revisited, International Journal of Environment and Pollution 10, 508-521.
 
10. Azar, C., 1998. Are Optimal Emissions Really Optimal? — Four Critical Issues for Economists in the Greenhouse. Environmental and Resource Economics 11, 301-315. http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/d/azar_1998_four_crucial_issues.pdf
 
9. Andersson, B., Azar, C., Holmberg, J,. and Karlsson, S., 1998. Materials Constraints in a Global Energy Scenario Based on Thin-film Solar Cells. Energy the International Journal  23, 407-411.
 
8. Azar, C. & Rodhe, H., 1997. Targets for Stabilization of Atmospheric CO2. Science 276, 1818-1819.
 
7. Azar, C., Lindgren, K.& Holmberg, J., 1996. Constant Quota versus Constant Effort Harvesting, Environmental and Resource Economics 7:193-196.
 
6. Azar, C. & Sterner, T., 1996. Discounting and Distributional Considerations in the Context of Global Warming, Ecological Economics 19, 169-185. http://www.hgu.gu.se/files/nationalekonomi/personal/thomas%20sterner/a43.pdf
 
5. Azar, C., Holmberg, J. & Lindgren, K., 1996. Socio-ecological Indicators for Sustainability, Ecological Economics 18, 89-112.
 
4. Azar, C., & Holmberg, J., 1995. Defining the Generational Environmental Debt, Ecological Economics 14, 7-19.
 
3. Azar, C., Holmberg, J. & Lindgren, K., 1995. Stability Analysis of Harvesting in a Predator-Prey Model, Journal of Theoretical Biology 174, 13-19.
 
2. Azar, C., 1994. The Marginal Cost of CO2 Emissions, Energy - The International Journal 19, 1255-1261.
 
1. Azar, C., 1989, Product expansion of π (Produktframställning av π, in Swedish), Elementa 72, 152-154.

 

C. Other scientific publications

This category includes papers presented at scientific conferences, publications in non-peer reviewed journals, reports, theses, book chapters, course literature, book reviews and short comments in scientific journals
 
64. Rummukainen, Johansson, DJA, Azar, C, Lagner, J., Döscher, R, Smith, H., 2011. Uppdatering av den vetenskapliga grunder för klimatarbetet. En översyn av naturvetenskapliga aspekter.  SMHI. KLIMATOLOGI Nr 4, 2011. http://www.smhi.se/polopoly_fs/1.17826!RAPPORT_klimatologi%20nr%204.pdf.
 
63. Azar, C., & Johansson, D.J.A., 2011b. Utsläppsbanor för att stabilsera den globala medeltemperaturen på 1,5 ºC över den förindustriella nivån. http://www.naturskyddsforeningen.se/upload/Foreningsdokument/Rapporter/energi/rapport%201,5%20grader_l%c3%a5guppl%c3%b6st.pdf
 
62. Azar, C., 2010. Remembering Steve Schneider (1945-2010). Climate Policy 10, 719-720.
 
61. Azar, C., 2010. Biomassa Sebagai Energi: impian Yang Menjadi Kenyataan… Atu Mimpi Buruk (in Bahasa Indonesia), in Perspektif Global, (ed) Donovan, S., Universitas Indonesia). Pp 3-22.
 
60. Arnell, N., et al 2010. Stephen H Schneider. Climatic Change 102, 1-7.
 
59. Weyant, John, Christian Azar, Mikiko Kainuma, Jiang Kejun, Nebojsa Nakicenovic, P.R. Shukla, Emilio La Rovere and Gary Yohe, Report of 2.6 Versus 2.9 Watts/m2 RCPP Evaluation Panel, available at http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/ENE/IAMC/docs/RCPP-Report.pdf.
 
58. Claeson-Colpier, C., Ahlgren, E., Azar, C., 2009. Implications of emissions trading for endogenized technology change in the global electricity system. In Claeson-Colpier, PhD-thesis. Chalmers.
 
57. Vetenskapligt underlag för klimatpolitiken. Rapport från vetenskapliga rådet för klimatfrågor. Miljövårdsberedningens rapport 2007:03. (Azar member of the commission and co-author). http://www.sou.gov.se/mvb/pdf/Bilaga%202_Vetenskapligt_underlag_for_klimatpolitiken.pdf
 
56. Azar, Christian och Berndes, Göran, 2007. Bioenergy – may satisfy many energy requirements but far from all of them! I Scenarios on economic growth and resource demand, bakgrundsrapport till Tillväxt och miljö i globalt perspektiv, Miljövårdsberedningens promemoria 2007:1.Statens offentliga utredningar.
 
55. The Swedish Commission against Oil dependency. På väg mot ett oljefritt Sverige. Report from the Swedish commission against oil dependency. Chair Prime Minister Göran Persson, Azar member of the commission and co-author. Available at: http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/06/62/80/bf5c673c.pdf (in Swedish) http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/06/70/96/7f04f437.pdf (In English)
 
55. Azar, C., 2005. Klimatförändringar och framtidens energi (Climate change and the future of energy). In Påhlman, S., (ed) Världens eko en antologi om miljö och utvecklingsfrågor, p 58-73.
 
54. Miljövårdsberedningen, 2004 (Azar co-author). Strategi för energieffektiv bebyggelse, (Strategies for energy efficient buildings) Sthlm. http://www.sou.gov.se/mvb/pdf/Energieffektiv%20bebyggelse.pdf
 
53. Azar, C., Persson, M., 2005. Unpublished comment on Robert N. Stavins “Forging a more effective global climate treaty”.  
 
52. Person, UM., Azar, C., 2004. Brazil beyond Kyoto. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Stockholm. http://www.naturvardsverket.se/dokument/press/2004/juni/postkyoto/brazil1.pdf.
 
51. Persson, T & Azar, C., 2003. Energy and CO2 mitigation strategies for India - allocation of emission permits and revenues from emission trading. Department report.
 
50. Johansson, DJA & Azar, C., 2003. Analysis of land competition between food and bioenergy. World Resources Review Vol 15, No 2, pp 165-175.
 
49. Azar, C., Sandén, B., Sterner, T., 2004. Technology, policy and climate change New Academy Review vol 3, 91-97.
 
48. Persson, TA., Azar, C., 2003. Allocation of emission permits – Economic incentives for early emission reductions of CO2 in developing regions. Risö International Energy Conference, Risö National Laboratory, Denmark.
 
47. Johansson, D., Azar, C., 2002. Partial equilibrium analysis of land competition between food and bioenergy production. Presented at the World Renewable Energy Congress VII. June, Cologne, Germany.
 
46. Grahn, M., Azar., C., Lindgren, K., 2003. Regionalized Global Energy Scenarios Meeting Stringent CO2 Constraints — Cost Effective Fuel Choices for Transport. Conference Paper EnerEnv’2003, International Conference on Energy and Environment – A World of Challenges and Opportunities, Changsha, China.  
 
45. Grahn, M., Azar., C., Lindgren, K., 2003. Regionalized Global Energy Scenarios Meeting Stringent Climate Targets – cost effective fuel choices in the transportation sector, Conference Paper, Risö International Energy Conference, Denmark.
 
44. Persson, U.M., Johansson, D.J.A., Azar, C., 2003. Integrated assessment of the economic trade-off between CO2, CH4 and N2O abatement - efficiency losses from using static GWPs. 3rd International Methane and Nitrous Oxide Mitigation Conference, Beijing, China. (Also available in Chinese).
 
43. Grubb, M, Bauen, A, Schlamadinger, B, Azar, C, Berndes, G, Jourdain, C., 1999. Carbon sinks and biomass energy: A study of linkages, options and implications. In: Kohlmaier, G. (Ed.). Wood energy in the industrialized world: Present status and potential contribution to CO2 mitigation. Technology, economy and policy issues. Graz, Austria.
 
42. Lövgren, K., with contributions from a panel consisting of Azar, C, Ericson, B., Falkemark, G., Gustafsson, K., Hallsten, L, Hijino, E., Ingelstam, L., Josefsson, L., Lekander, P., Silveira, S., Södersten, B., Malmkvist, M., 2003. Energiframsyn Sverige i Europa. Available at Swedish Acadamy of engineering sciences. http://www.iva.se/energiframsyn/.
 
41. Grubb, M., Brewer, T., Muller, B., Drexhage, J., Hamilton, K., Sugiyama, T, Aiba, T with contributions from Sharma, A., Michaelowa, A., Azar, C. and Karas, J., 2003. A strategic Assessment of the Kyoto Marrakech System. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Briefing paper no 6. London.
 
40. Azar, C., 2003. Options to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In Andersson, M., Migula, P., Rydén, L (Eds). Baltic University Environmental Science Book. 
 
39. Obersteiner, M,. with contributions from Azar, C., Kossmeier, S., Mechler, R., Möllersten, K., Nilsson, S., Read, P,m Yamagata, Y, Yan, J., 2001. Managing climate risk. IIASA interim report (IR-01-051). IIASA, Laxenburg. Available at http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Publications/Documents/IR-01-051.pdf
 
38. Azar, C., Holmberg, J., Karlsson, S., 2002. Decoupling - past trends and prospects for the future. Paper commissioned by the Swedish Environmental Advisory Council (Miljövårdsberedningen). http://www.sou.gov.se/mvb/pdf/decoupling.pdf
 
37. Larsson, A., with Azar, C., Sterner, T., Andersson, B., and Strömberg, B., 2002. Technology and policy for sustainable development. Paper commissioned by the European Commission (DG Environment).
 
36. Azar, C., Lindgren, K., and Persson, T., 2001. Carbon sequestration from fossil fuels and biomass – long-term potentials, in Lygnfelt (2001), proceedings from carbon sequestration symposium at Chalmers Oct 26, 2001. Available at http://www.entek.chalmers.se/~anly/symp/symp2001.html
 
35. Lygnfelt, A och Azar, C, (Ed.) 1999. Carbon dioxide capture and storage. Proceedings from a minisymposium held at Chalmers University of Technology and Göteborg University. Available at http://www.entek.chalmers.se /~anly/symp/sympco2.html
 
34. Azar, C., 2003. Mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Chapter in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELOSS), UNESCO.
 
33. Lundqvist, U., Azar, C., Holmberg, J., & Lindgren, K., 2000. System Perspectives for Consistent Regional Environmental Accounting. Department report
 
32. Schlamadinger, B., Grubb, M, Azar, C., Bauen, A., and Berndes., G., 2001. Carbon sinks and biomass energy production. a study of linkages, options and implications. Climate strategies network. available at www.climate-strategies.org
 
31. Azar, C., Holmberg, J., and Robèrt, KH. 2000. Fossil fuels and corporate economic risk assessment. World Business Academy 14(1), 63-72.
 
30. Azar, C., & Lindgren, K., Andersson., & Råde., 2000. The role of decarbonisation technologies in reducing global carbon emissions. In Lygnfelt, A, & Azar, C, preceedings from a symposium on decarbonisation technologies.
 
29. Azar, C., Lindgren, K., and Andersson, B., 2000. Hydrogen or methanol in the transportation sector - a global scenario study. Report to The Swedish Transport and Communications Research Board. 69 pages. http://www.kfb.se/pdfer/R-00-35.pdf
 
28. Azar, C., 1999. What Policy Makers at Least Need to Know about Social Costs.Paper presented at IPCC meeting on costing methodologies, New Otani Hotel in July, Tokyo.
 
27. Azar, C., 1999. Los cambios climáticos: Amenazas y possibilidades, in Ricaldi Arévalo, T. (Ed) "La economia ecologica: Una nueva mirada a la ecología humana". UNESCO - Montevideo & Centro de Estudios Superiores Universitarios, Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Cochabamba, Bolivia, pp 431-442.
 
26. Azar, C & Berndes, G., 1999. "The implication of CO2-abatement policies on food prices", In Andrew Dragun and Clem Tisdell (Eds.), Sustainable Agriculture and Environment: Globalisation and trade liberalisation impacts. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 1999.
 
25. Azar, C., 1999. Trading with carbon sinks — some reflections. Invited discussion paper prepared for the "Swedish conference on carbon stocks and flows". Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Ulltuna, March 10, 1999.
 
24. Azar, C., 1999. Tools for setting climate change targets. pp 65-88 in Wiman, BLB, Stripple, J and Chong, S., (Eds) "From climate risk to climate security". School of natural resource management & Agenda 21 research, Kalmar University, Sweden.
 
23. Hijino, E., & Azar, C., 1999. "Potentials for energy efficiency in the Swedish Industry" (In Swedish) Effektiviseringspotentialer inom industrisektorn. Avdelningsrapport, avdelningden för fysisk resursteori, Chalmers.
 
22. Azar, C. and Lindgren, K., 1998. Renewable energy scenario for Sweden, in proceedings from the World Renewable Energy Congress. Florence, Italy, September.
 
21. Azar, C. and Lindgren, K. (with contributions by Emi Hijino), 1998. Energiläget 2050 (The energy situation in the year 2050). Naturvårdsverket (Swedish EPA), 89 pages (in Swedish).
 
20. Azar, C., 1997. The basket approach vs. separate targets for each greenhouse gas, and net vs. gross emissions. Discussion paper presented at the EU commission, Brussels, October 15, 1997.
 
19. Azar, C., 1997. International distribution of sinks and sources of greenhouse gases. Discussion paper presented at the EU commission, Brussels, July 3-4, 1997.
 
18. Azar, C., 1997. Reducing carbon emissions from the energy system, in Holmberg, J., (Ed), Sustainable use of energy, a report to the Gothenburg Energy research foundation.
 
17. Lindgren, K., Azar, C., and Swahn, J., 1997. Renewable energy scenarios for Sweden. Department of physical resource theory, Working paper 97-01. (In Swedish)
 
16. Azar, C., 1997. Meeting low stabilization targets - economic, technical and political feasibility. Paper presented at the IIASA/IEW workshop, June 1997, Laxenburg Austria .
 
15. Azar, C., 1997. Review of Graedel's and Allenby's book "Industrial Ecology". Ecological Economics 23, 182-183.
 
14. Azar, C., 1997. The energy sector — problems and opportunities (in Swedish, Energisektorn —problem och möjligheter), in Toreson, S. (Ed), Air quality management (Luftvård), 6th edition, published by the department for environmental management, Göteborg University, Sweden, and Seelig. pp. 199-208
 
13. Azar, C. & Berndes, G., 1997. The societal use of carbon, In Karlsson, S et al, 1997. Man and Materials flows - Towards sustainable materials management. Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
 
12. Azar, C., 1997. Review of William Nordhaus's book "Managing the global commons". Environmental Values 6, 106-108.
 
11. Azar, C., 1996. Some Critical Issues Related to the Economics of Climate Change. In proceedings from the inaugural conference for the European Society for Ecological Economics (ESEE), Versailles, France, May 28-30.
 
10. Azar, C, & Johansson, O., 1996. Uncertainty and Climate Change - or the economics of twin peaks, Presented at the annual conference of European Environmental and Resource Economists, Lisbon, June.
 
9. Holmberg, J., Carlson, U., Azar, C., & Berndes, G., 1996. Socio-ecological indicators for sustainability for Gotland. Paper presented at the International Sustainable Development Research Conference, Manchester 18-19/3. Conference Proceedings, pp. 97-102.
 
8. Azar, C., 1996. Technological change and the long-term cost of reducing CO2 emissions, Working paper, Center for the management of environmental resources, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France. 67 pages.
 
7. Carlson, U., Azar, C., Holmberg, J., & Lindgren, K., 1995. Socio-ecological indicators related to the energy use in Gotland. Paper presented at the Second International Workshop of the International Society of Ecological Economics Russian Chapter, Pereslavl-Zalessky, July 16-21, 1995.
 
6. Co-signature of Meyer et al (roughly 40 authors), 1995. Economics of climate change. Nature 378, 433.
 
5. Azar, C., 1995. The implication of discounting in socioeconomic analysis of the greenhouse effect (Vad betyder diskontering i samhällsekonomiska analyser av växthuseffekten?) Institute report no 4, 1995. Institute of Physical Resource Theory. Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden. (In Swedish)
 
4. Azar, C., 1995. Long-term Environmental Problems — Economic Measures and Physical Indicators. PhD-thesis. Institute of Physical Resource Theory. Chalmers University of Technology.
 
3. Azar, C., 1994. Economic Theory and the Greenhouse Effect, Licentiate thesis, Institute of Physical Resource Theory. Chalmers University of Technology.
 
2. Karlsson, S., Azar, C., Eriksson, KE, Holmberg, J., Lindgren, K., Wirsenius, S., 1994. Material flows. On the metabolism of the industrial society in a sustainability perspective. AFR report no 38 Swedish Waste Research Council, Stockholm.
  
1. Azar, C., 1991. Energy and Environment — A case study in southern Brazil, Master of Science thesis, Institute of Physical Resource Theory, Chalmers University of Technology.

D. Papers in public press (1994-)

 
79. Azar, C., Hedenus, F., Johansson, D., Kågeson, P., Sterner, T., 2011.  Dags för biodrivmedel att stå på egna ben. Replik på Lantmännens artikel. http://www.gp.se/nyheter/debatt/1.629016-dags-for-biodrivmedel-att-sta-pa-egna-ben
 
78. Azar, C., Hedenus, F., Johansson, D., Kågeson, P., Sterner, T., 2011. Stoppa stödet till etanol på spannmål. GP 8/5. http://www.gp.se/nyheter/debatt/1.619575-stoppa-stodet-till-etanol-pa-spannmal-och-raps
 
77. Azar, C., 2011. Fokus på oljebrist löser inte klimatet. Göteborgs-Posten (Debatt) 9/3. http://www.gp.se/nyheter/debatt/1.567832-fokus-pa-oljebrist-loser-inte-klimatfragan
 
76. Azar, C., Eriksson, P., Tjernström, M., Westerstrand, M., 2010. Om klimatkänsligheten, replik på Björnbom och Ribbing. Ny teknik, 23/10. http://www.nyteknik.se/asikter/debatt/article2488031.ece
 
75. Azar, C., 2010. Den amerikanska senaten sviker klimatet. GP 22/8. http://www.gp.se/nyheter/debatt/1.429371-amerikanska-senaten-sviker-klimatet

74. Azar, C. & Johansson, D., 2010c. Paper III on the Chalmers Climate Calculator, available at: http://uppsalainitiativet.blogspot.com/2010/02/chalmers-climate-calculator-del-iii-hur.html

73. Azar, C. & Johansson, D., 2010b. Paper II on the Chalmers Climate Calculator, available at: http://uppsalainitiativet.blogspot.com/2010/02/chalmers-climate-calculator-del-ii-hur.html

72. Azar, C. & Johansson, D., 2010a. Paper I on the Chalmers Climate Calculator, available at: http://uppsalainitiativet.blogspot.com/2010/02/chalmers-climate-calculator-del-i-hur.html
 
71. Carlgren, Andreas, Azar, C. Gabelic A, Skinnarmo, O, 2009. Öka trycket på köpenhamn. Sydsvenska dagbladet (5/12-2009). http://sydsvenskan.se/opinion/aktuellafragor/article583981/Oka-trycket-pa-Kopenhamn.html
 
70. Azar, C., 2008. Även “snälla” regimer kan falla. (Svar på replik från Hamilton på ”öppet brev till Jan Björklund”. Miljörapporten 4.
 
69. Azar, C., 2008. Öppet brev till Jan Björklund. Kärnkraften behöver klimatet mer än klimatet behöver kärnkraften. Miljörapporten 3, februari 2008 (sid 5). http://www.miljorapporten.se/article.jsp?article=21659
 
68. Sennerby-Forsse, L., Azar, C., Bergström, S., (m fl, alla medlemmar i vetenskapliga rådet i klimatfrågor). 2007. Sveriges mål för klimatpolitiken sätts inte av forskare. Miljörapporten.
http://www.miljorapporten.se/article.jsp?article=20271
 
67. Azar, C., 2007. Kan certifikatsystem lösa bioenergins problem? Miljörapporten no 9.
 
66. Azar, C., 2007. Storskalig satsning på bioenergi – dröm eller mardröm? Miljörapporten no 5.
 
65. Azar. C., Berndes, G., Hanson, J., Grahn, M., 2007. Brazilian Ethanol has the Edge. Financial Times (May 16-2007). http://www.ft.com/cms/s/bab1bbca-034a-11dc-a023-000b5df10621.html
 
64. Azar, C., 2007. Svenskt näringsliv är ute och cyklar. Miljörapporten, no 3.
 
63. Azar, C., 2007- Solenergi batter än kärnkraft. Ny Teknik 26/2 (nätupplaga), http://www.nyteknik.se/art/49246. Svar på Kullander och Frank, http://www.nyteknik.se/art/49171.
 
62. Azar, C., 2007. Kort väg från kärnkraft till kärnvapen. Ny Teknik 14/2. http://www.nyteknik.se/art/49078 (modifierad version också publicerad i Miljörapporten no 3)
 
61. Azar, C., 2007. Kraftig ökning av EUs koldioxidutsläpp. GP 3/2. http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=114&a=323402
 
60. Azar, C., 2007. Klimatfrågan och u-länderna. Västvärlden måste gå före. Miljörapporten, nr 1/2007.
 
59. Azar, C., 2007. Jag är inte positivt till kol. Forskning och framsteg, p 64, nummer 1 2007.
 
58. Azar, C & Edman, S., 2006. Om etanol och oljekommissionen. Dagens Nyheter 16/12.
 
57. Azar, C., 2006. Kampen mot slaveriet. Miljörapporten.
 
56. Azar, C., 2006. Storföretagen och klimatfrågan – hur stort är deras ansvar? Miljörapporten nr 6.
 
55. Azar, C., 2006. Bioenergins roll i den globala energiomställningen. Miljörapporten nr 5 -2006 (2 juni).
 
54. Azar. C., 2006. 1.6 miljoner i flyktingläger. Många tjänar på kriget i Norra Uganda. Dagens Nyheter, 21/6.
 
53. Azar., C., 2006. Vi är överens. (Debatt med GBG energis Anders Hedenstedt) Miljörapporten nr 4, 2006, 28.
 
52. Azar, C., 2006. Ett effektivare handelssystem för koldioxid. Miljörapporten nr 3, 31 mars 2006, 16-17.
 
51. Azar., C., 2006. Biodrivmedelstvång – en bra strategi för lägre CO2 utsläpp? Miljörapporten nr 1 2006, 8-9.
 
50. Azar, C., 2005. Konkurrenskraft och miljöpolitik, Miljörapporten 10-11. (Om för och nackdelar med att skydda industrin)
 
49. Azar, C., 2005. EUs klimatpolitik, handelssystemet och konkurrenskraften, Miljörapporten, EU guiden 2006, nr 11, 24/11-2005. Sid 16-17.
 
48. Azar, C., 2005. Pessimisterna har fel när det gäller oljan. (The oil pessimists are wrong about the technical and economic implications). Dagens Nyheter, pp B6-7. http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1058&a=463806
 
47. Azar, C., 2005. ”Varför hatar de oss?” GU Journalen. (Chronicle from a trip in Iran). http://www.gu.se/aktuellt/GU-Journalen/gujnews_detail.lasso?nid=1413&pid=1845
 
46. Azar, C., & Rodhe, H., 2005. Klimatdebatt mot bättre vetande. Ny Teknik, 23/3. Available at http://www.nyteknik.se/art/39691
 
45. Azar, C, 2004. Globaliseringen och dess fiender (Recension av bok av Joseph Stiglitz), Göteborgs-Posten 2/2-, http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=121&a=152211

44. Berndes, G., Azar, C., Börjesson, P., Bioenergy for climate stabilization, Bioenergy International no 9, May 2004, p 5.

43. Azar, C., 19/9, 2004. Osäkrare värld med utbyggd kärnkraft. GP Debatt. http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=114&a=181363

42. Azar, C., Att blunda för riskerna löser inga problem. GP Debatt 5/10. 2004. http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=114&a=183474, (replik på allan emren, http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=114&a=182174)

41. Azar, C, 2004, Kärnkraft och kärnvapen, Framsyn 5, 15-19.

40. Azar, C., Kåberger, TB Johansson, Sterner, GP. Barsebäck är inte den stora utmaningen. DEc 14, 2004. http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=114&a=193097
 
39. Azar, C., 2004. Visst finns det alternativ till oljan, Göteborgs-Posten 17/3 http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=121&a=156915
 
38. Azar, C & Berndes., 2003. Världens framtida jordbruk. Review of FAO’s World Agriculture towards 2015/2030. Framtider, December, p 35-36. http://www.framtidsstudier.se/framtider/Framtider303webb.pdf
 
37. Azar C., 2003. Så ger utsläppshandeln resultat (This is the way to make sure that emission trading delivers). Dagens miljö, October issue.
 
36. Azar, C., Hedenus, F., Johansson, D., Persson, M., 2003. Handel med utsläppsrättigheter räcker inte (Trade in emission permits is not enough). Dagens Industri (September 25).
 
35. Azar, C., 2003. Sommarpratare på Sveriges Radio P1. June 18. Summer speaker, Swedish Radio, June 18.
 
34. Azar, C., 2003. Oljan – finns det för mycket eller för lite? Framtider 1, 4-11. Available at http://www.framtidsstudier.se/index4.htm
 
33. Azar, C & Hedenus, F,, 2002. De fattiga och de rika (an assessment of inequality trends in the world). Göteborgs Posten November 17. http://www.smvk.se/Omvarldsbilder/2002/021128.html
 
32. Sterner, T., Environment Minister Larsson, K., Azar, C., 2002. Carbon permits should be auctioned. Financial Times, June 24.
 
31. Azar, C., 2002. A visit to a recently contacted indigenous group in the Amazon (Miljömagasinet, June 14, 2002)
 
30. Azar, C., 2002. Soybeans the new threat against the Amazon rain forests (April 23, Göteborgs Posten, two full pages)
 
29. Azar, C., Azar, M., Liedman SE, m fl 2001. "36 Professorer och doktorer i manifest mot terrorism: Tillåt inte USA att massbomba" DN debatt 21/9, 2001.
 
28. Azar, C., 2001. Nu behövs utveckling för låga CO2 utsläpp. Miljöforskning för ett uthålligt samhälle (FORMAS tidning, www.formas.se) nr 55-6, pp 18-19.
 
27. Azar, C., 2001. Teknikutvecklingen... om bilar, kylskåp och förhoppningar som kommit på skam. DNS 2-2001, 15-16.
 
26. Azar, C., 2001. Moderna Tider (on the Kyoto protocol), September, 2 pages.
 
25. Rodrick, G., Dahlviq, A & Azar, C., 2001. Företagen måste ta miljöansvar (Companies have to become environmentally responsible). Dagens Nyheter(DN Debatt) June 12.
 
24. Azar, C., 2001. En omöjlig kombination? Det Naturliga Steget 1, 2001, 8-14. (A summary of energy scenarios for the global energy and transport systems).
 
23. Azar, C., 2000. Miljöekonomi - en förförisk vetenskap. Det Naturliga Steget, 2-2000. (Environmental economics - a seductive science)
 
22. Azar, C., 2000. Fossila bränslen utan koldioxidutsläpp. Det Naturliga Steget, 1-2000. (Fossil fuels without CO2 emissions)
 
21. Azar, C., 1999. Oordnad ordning - en av livets förutsättningar.Det Naturliga Steget, 4-1999. (Order and disorder - on the use of entropy in the public debate about environmental issues)
 
20. Azar, C., 1999. Energiskog eller mat? Det Naturliga Steget, 3-1999. (Crops for food or fuels)
 
19. Azar, C., 1999. Uruguay — Energiskog, Öresundsbro & GMO debatt. Det Naturliga Steget 2-1999.
 
18. Azar, C. Företag vilseleds av Timbro, Finanstidningen, 28/2-1998.
 
17. Azar, C., 1998. Minskade utsläpp billigt, Finanstidningen.
 
16. Azar, C., 1998. Sätt prislapp på Koldioxiden. Göteborgs Tidningen 30/7.
 
15. Azar, C., 1998. Utsläpp minskar med skatter. Göteborgs Posten 11/7.
 
14. Azar, C., Lindgren, K., 1998. Tillbaka till framtiden. Tidskriften Det naturliga steget 4-98, 12-23.
 
13. Azar, C. and Rodhe, H., 1997. Stabiliseringsmål för koldioxidkoncentrationen i atmosfären. Det Naturliga Steget 6-97.
 
12. Azar, C., 1997. Växthuseffekten — debatt inför Kyoto. Göteborgs Posten (30/11).
 
11. Azar, C. & Robert, KH., 1997. Skatteväxling ger teknisk utveckling. Dagens Industri (20/1).
 
10. Azar, C. 1997. Afrikas råvaror (Review of the book Short Changed - Africa and World Trade, by Barratt-Brown & Tiffen). Globus 1. Also published in Det naturliga steget 1 - 1997,42-43.  
 
9. Robert, K.H & Azar, C. Marknaden måste tvingas tänka efter före.Dagens Industri 27/12-96.
 
8. Azar, C., Solenergi stoppar ekologisk katastrof. Bygd och Natur, nr 2-1996. 
 
7. Azar, C., Utan kärnkraft blir vi inte riktigt lika rika, Land nr 46, 1996.
 
6. Robert, K.H & Azar, C. SkatteväxlingDNS special 96-97. 
 
5. Azar, C., Avveckling gör oss rikare. DN Kultur (20/10 - 1996), även publicerad i DNS special 96-97.
 
4. Azar, C. Klar luft — ren vinst. Expressen (2/2- 1996)
 
3. Azar, C. Växthuseffekten special. DNS 1-1996.
 
2. Azar, C. Hotet i horizonten — Christian Azar om arternas fortkomst. (review of E O Wilson - Biological Diversity), Idag Kultursidan, (28/7-1995).
 
1. Azar, C. 1994. Hur törstig kan atmosfären bli? Idag, Kultursidan (4/1-1994).
Last modified: January 16, 2012
Responsible for this page: Christian Azar

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